Political Culture Jamming: The Dissident Humour of the Daily Show with Jon Stewart

This blog is about the article of Political Culture Jamming: The Dissident Humour of the Daily Show with Jon Stewart by Jamie Warner. The reading was based upon politics and their ideas of influencing to the masses. A popular example from the text was “political branding.” Politicians used this idea to market themselves just like how advertising corporations brand themselves. The idea was to gain unreflected and automatic trust. In addition, a reason why political branding would work is because citizens are “busy people”, thus allowing them to quickly brand themselves within a political affiliation without understanding or questioning their political affiliated ideas. Furthermore, politicians also use emotional appeal to gain their audience. This is where “Culture jamming” and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart comes in.



“Culture jamming” is the rise against mainstream advertisement and corporations, in this case political branding. A group committed to culture jamming is Adbusters who are the loose collection of media activists rebelling against the hegemony of messages promoted by global capitalism (Warner, 2007) According to the article, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is a great example of culture jamming. The reading shows that The Daily Show with Jon Stewart promoted three ways of cultural jamming.

1. Parody Format: A parody allows the receivers to engage in laughter and take the show as a comedy. Even if the cast is speaking upon political affairs.
2. Strategic Use of Video: Intervenes within actual news footage to share the idea. Nothing like this happens within actual news performances.
3. Stewart’s Socratic Interview Style: John Stewart uses “Socratic Irony” as a rhetorical tactic to point out incongruities, inconsistencies, and internal contradictions in the interviewee’s argument without directly offering his own opinion as well as without being confrontational (Warner, 2007).

Finally, one of the main points stated in the reading was the power of laughter. “Literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin (1981) agrees: “Laughter demolishes fear and piety before an object, before a world, making of it an object of familiar contact and thus clearing the ground for an absolutely free investigation of it.” (p. 23). If we can laugh at it, we can examine it, evaluate it, and even critique it. Laughter has the power to disrupt any analytical paralysis engendered by fear. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart demonstrates that we overlook this powerful and interesting phenomenon at our peril” (Warner, 2007).

Thanks for reading.

Independent Media in a Time of War

“U.S. deaths in Iraq, war on terror surpass 9/11 toll”. This was a headline used in 2006 by CNN while reporting on the growing amount of American soldiers killed in Iraq. 9/11 is doled as having taken 2973 lives, at the time of the report the soldier casualty had risen to 2974. Although the amount of soldiers lost in Iraq is a legitimate concern the report makes no mention of the amount of Afghan civilian causalities. Amy Goodman describes this concept in her film “Independent Media in a time of War”, where American military personnel are glorified in media, portrayed as being heroes or martyr like, and Afghan by-standard deaths are reported rarely if at all.

The aspect that I found most interesting is that the CNN article is able to name the first American casualty over-seas “The first U.S. service member to die in the Enduring Freedom campaign was Air Force Sgt. Evander Earl Andrew, 36, of Solon, Maine”. American press is quick to notice the first death of one of their own soldiers on foreign soil, however there are no reports by American media about the first Afghani soldier killed.

- Michael Griffith

Amy Goodman's Independent Media in a Time of War

Amy Goodman’s film Independent Media in a Time of War depicts the corporate media’s coverage of the 2003 Iraq War. The US media focused on glorifying military combat while downplaying the amount of civilian casualties. Goodman also focuses on the ethics of journalism. She believes that journalists should do what they can do figure out the facts, question those in power and ask questions that no one has asked before. Goodman presents the audience with the question of the possible impact of the media industry on journalism and democracy.


Amy Goodman is a progressive broadcast journalist, investigative reporter and author. She is best known for her role as the host of the radio show Democracy Now! , an independent global news program which broadcasts on radio, television and the internet. She has received many awards for her work including the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award and the George Polk Award.

-Leila Raposo

Independent Media in a Time of War

Independent Media in a Time of War is a film by Amy Goodman that describes the news coverage of the Iraq war. The US media made light of the civilians that were dying and glorified the American military combat. It is Goodman's belief that journalism and reporting should be done ethically and present only facts, question those who are in a position of power and to "go where the silence is, and say something". The media applies a technique of inattention and intimidation to the viewers to push its own agenda. Certain channels and leaders will manipulate the media to achieve the goals they wish to achieve, without necessarily using facts.



In class we examined the statement that were made after the initial attacks on September 11th. They were filled with anger and aggression, intended to get the country on board with the battle that was about to ensue. Once the war had begun, the news coverage was spun, according to Goodman, to try and keep the citizens thinking that they should be supporting the war. Tuesdays reading stated that America used the news not as an informational outlet, but as a melodrama. What it comes down to is the media adjusting stories, leaving out information and twisting what is being told to produce the results they want.

- Krista Rabjohn

Where Have all the Feminists Gone?

Current Portrayals of Women on Television

In a society where television is dominated by reality TV series, feminist representations are becoming few and far between. Currently, new representations of feminist characters on television seem to be a thing of the past. From the 70’s through to the early 2000’s, women were more likely to be portrayed as strong and independent. With shows like Maude, Married with Children, Murphey Brown, The Simpsons, Law and Order: SVU, and Sex and the City dominating prime time television; our culture was flooded with positive representations of women. Each of those shows had at least one character that could be regarded as feminist. However, now it could be interpreted that representing strong opinions about women’s rights has been put on the back burner.

There are current television shows out there that have strong and independent women. On the other hand, feminism isn’t just about being strong and independent or having the appearance of it. For instance, Greys Anatomy has several strong female leads. They are all equally accomplished and fought their way to get into their medical program. What prevents them from being characterized as feminists however, is how some of them allow the men on the show to lord over them. The show started out with a majority of male attendings and one female; the male attendings quickly paired up with the lead female interns and over the episodes/seasons became romantically involved. Before they knew it, they went from interns to “prostitutes”; trading surgery preference and increased medical knowledge for sex. Thus, it is hard to believe that their original autonomy disappeared at the sight of a handsome face.

Check out the banter between two of the interns mentioned above.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYIla0x6LOU&feature=BF&list=PL74770B79B711ECD3&index=15

Or take a look at the intern-attending relationship
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-mt26FiOU&feature=BF&list=PL74770B79B711ECD3&index=50

The article Television’s new feminism, outlines several issues with the portrayal of women on prime time television. It focuses mostly on Law and Order: SVU’s depiction of today’s feminist woman i.e. Lead character Olivia Benson. Overall, the article states that SVU does depict feminist perspectives on the causes of rape; however, they couple that with supposed female traits which demean the women they are empowering on the show. For example, Olivia Benson is unmarried, lives alone and work oriented; whereas her male counterpart contrasts these characteristics by being the opposite of her. In the past such roles would have had the male detective as single and living alone while the female would have the family. In my opinion, such uncommon representations of females in the workplace serve to further feminist ideals. However, the article takes issue with how some of the episodes condemn aspects of feminine behaviour like empathy and intuition. When Olivia is overly empathetic it is regarded as a weakness but excused because it is identified as a feminine trait. Regardless of what the article states, Law and Order: SVU is a feminist show through and through. Olivia Benson is a character that can carry her own story, she’s three dimensional, and represents an idea; so what if the show has a few kinks. Shows like Law and Order are what feminism is now.

That being said, the current representations on television are the outcome of feminist movements overtime. Television characters don’t need to throw feminism in your face. As a result, we are now able to see primetime shows where the majority of doctors are female, a precincts lead detective is female, and the district attorney is a women. These professions were once regarded as a man’s profession. In the past women on television were stay–at-home moms, teachers, and nurses etc. Now, we are beginning to see more female characters integrated into different roles. This is more present in dramas than comedies, but overtime we will see equal depictions of men and women. Thus, the representation of feminist characters might not be bold and in your face, but they are present. Probably more present than they were before. Female characters no longer need to shout the words chauvinistic pig like Jessica Spano in Saved by the bell, in order to demonstrate they are feminists. Nor do they need to wear a shirt saying FANG (Feminists Against Neanderthal Guys) like Marcy D’arcy in Married with children. Feminism is widely represented to different degrees that we as a society now understand that women are equal to men.

Below is Scrubs’ tribute to strong women.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V03UiLg9Az0

- Peta Francis

A New Man Has Emerged

A fresh image of the perfect man has emerged in our society and the media is largely responsible. Popular culture is an always changing phenomena and the changes influence most of us, if not all of us. A perfect example of this is the new and improved man. This new and improved man is toned and ripped but weighs only 150 lbs. A good looking man has no hair on his body and rocks a spray on tan. This new look is a far stretch from the rough and tough men that were considered desirable by society just a few years ago. As a male, I find this issue fascinating because I notice the changes in friends and their appearance. The media certainly influences most of us in one way or another.

Hollywood pictures and stars do their part for pop culture. It seems that the days are largely gone when young stars were considered for their individual charisma (Al Pacino and Jack Nicholson). An on going trend that started just a few years ago has become so widespread that we are now blessed with icons that all look, act and talk alike (Ashton Kutcher, Jake Gyllenhaal and Zac Efron). "New male beauty" is a precise and exact thing. Sexy is now a specific look thanks to the media. Ten years ago a chest full of hair (David Hasselhoff) was driving women crazy. Men wanted to maintain that rugged look which meant having strong features. It is the exact opposite (softer features) today. The "new man" is everywhere.

In class we are constantly discussing the media and how it effects our culture. With major corporations comes advertising and marketing is very influential on our society. Personally, I don't know to many people that shape their images as a direct result of popular culture but I do notice it with friends. Just over the last two years I have become aware of the "new man" look. Some of my 30 something male friends shave their chests because it is cool. Ten years ago that type of grooming was unheard of. This illustrates the fact that media can and does effect society. Popular culture shapes our world.

My posted photos demonstrate the difference between the "new man" and a good looking man ten years ago. The differences are clear with little to no similarities. This is a direct result of our ever changing society and popular culture. In ten years the image of a desirable man will evolve again. The media is and will most likely continue to be influential on our society and popular culture.

-Scott Baker-

Sensitive Guy vs Tough Guy

Advertising has begun to focus on what we call the "new man". Although stereotypes of masculinity and the perfect man have always been there, it continues to be focused on more and more. In today's day and age it seems we have seperated our men into two different categories. On the one hand we have the Edward Cullen's of the bunch, and on the other we have the Jacob Black's. So, what does this mean? Edward Cullen and Jacob Black are the "babes" of the award winning series The Twilight Saga. Edward is the smart sensitive type that is quite shy and hidden in his feelings. Physically he is tiny and fairly eccentric. Jacob on the other hand is very open with his feelings. He fits the stereotype of "sexy" to a tee. He is bronzed, muscular and has a smile that melts the hearts of millions of young girls all around the world. To me this portrays the idea of "geek chic" vs "business casual".

It seems as though Edward is love more for his personality and his love for Bella (female lead) where as jacob is love for not being hard on the eyes. This version of masculinity is ever growing. Boys are being pressured more that the public would like to think. It is not always females that are pressured to conform to the media's idea of perfection. Commercial ads show men with muscles, and men who have fir the description of so called "beautiful". Also, plastic surgery and beauty treatments were never socially accepted for men back in the day. Today, waxing, shaving, manicures and pedicure are accepted in the world of men. Men in these movies and ads become more and more flawless each day.

The media is the main reason for stereotypes of all kinds, and men are no exception. As long as the media is ever growing, people are going to be pressured to look and act a certain way. Men are going to be told to be sensitive like Edward, or be tough like Jacob. Appearance stereotype is a cycle that will most likely never be broken. Men who are "sexy" will be taken seriously. Men who may be overweight or who do not fit under the category of the media's "beautiful" will be seen as comical. As long as technology is growing, and men beautifying themselves are socially acceptable, it will be hard to break away from such a stereotype. The important thing to know is that not every man is an Edward Cullen or a Jacob Black. It takes us as consumers to be able to break that cycle.

- Sarah Worthington

See me, Touch me, Feel me

In recent years it has been seen in society the norms for male beauty have begun to change. Over the years more men have been adapting to being in white collar jobs where as forty years ago most were in blue collared job positions. Men have had to adapt to this because in order to go to work they have to look presentable in the public’s eye. There used to be a saying “Real Men Don’t Eat Quiche” this was typical of society years ago, where it was not acceptable for men to be portrayed as what was considered “soft” in those days. Men did pamper themselves in any way like females did by partaking in waxing, pedicures and manicures etc. Men went to barbers not hair stylists and most men would not be caught wearing the colour pink, because all these things were considered to be too feminine. Today things have drastically changed because in society now it more tolerant and socially acceptable for men to partake in all the things that were previously thought to be too feminine.

In earlier years men were known to be chauvinistic, but now due to the change in society they have adapted to be more politically sensitive to women’s right. Previous generations of men had to succumb to the norm which was beer guts, construction boots and wife beaters. The fashion industry then started to play a major role in how masculinity changed. Women saw men in fashion magazines and on billboards with these drastic changes and these men were seen as more desirable. It then became popular for men to groom themselves, and wear vibrant colours etc.

The media has played a major role in the “New Male”. Celebrities and political figures as seen on TV started to verve away from the beer guts and care about personal appearance and fitness. Male figures were seen getting plastic surgery, working out, and taking better care of themselves to be seen as more desirable.

- Steph Lyczba

We are fat, old, balding... and on TV.

Middle ages, pot belly, white men has become a stereotype of television today. It is very common to be watching a popular television show, where one of the characters is a middle aged, overweight or balding male. Men that are most commonly known as; red necks, Hill billy’s, or good old fashion red blooded Americans. Richard Butsch’s studies of the media finds that throughout 50 years these male characters have been a consistent norm. That the blue color, over weight American males have become a persistent pattern in our domestic comedies.

How does this stereotype survey in our media industry? It’s unhealthy, unattractive and most times the character is offensive, so how does it survive? Butsch’s article suggests that over the years the television networks portrayed blue collar workers and supervisions in the media in an attempt to gain favour with their audience. This was a last ditch effort to gain favour as in the 1980’s their shared audiences dropped about 30% causing producers to look for ways of gaining compassion from audiences. This was a success and soon production companies were hiring teams of writers to create “Large fat white men” without repeating the shows or themes.

With the creation of the media stereotype we have become used to the popular overly obese male character. With shows like; the honeymooners, King of queens and King of the Hill we have almost come to expect that all large males are a great source of humour. Regardless of the shows questionable themes such as , drug or alcohol abuse and dysfunctional family matters.

The reality of the stereotype and its success is that over half the audiences find that they can relate to the character. Wither it be the weight, blue collar, or sarcastic lifestyle.

One thing I know for certain is that we will be seeing more of our overweight, middle aged many years to come.

And on that note.. here is some family guy.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mfpShhxkrA

A.Shiozaki

It’s the bottom line

Butsch’s article was interesting as it spoke to the portrayals of economic class within sitcoms. The focus of his study looks at the rational for class stereotypes and particularly the way the working class man is portrayed as what he calls the ‘Buffoon’. Examining 40 years of television sitcoms he identified two distinct types of TV families which fall in to the category of either working class or middle class. From 1946 - 1990 he found an underrepresentation of working class families/occupations i.e. Flintstones.

The working class male in such sitcoms follows a very generic character outline which paints a picture of someone who is not all that bright, lacking in responsibility and immature. This generic male character is always partnered with a wife who is grounded, smart and sensible. A more current example of this dynamic would the sitcom, Kings of Queens.

During the 1980’s there was an over representation of middle class professional characters i.e. The Cosby show. Also present was the idea of the domestic – home maker; the man as the bread-winner and the woman taking care of the home. i.e. The Simpsons, The Brady Bunch and I love Lucy. Widespread affluence was also exaggerated in TV land at this time as many sitcoms had a maid or butler for example, Mr. Belvedere and The Nanny.

Butsch & Glennon interviewed many media producers, writers and executives and he was able to conclude that the stereotypes identified were simply a ‘formula’ which developed over time. Media corporations are concerned with their bottom line and therefore stick to what they know and what has been proven successful. They are often under time restraints and find it easier to ‘type cast’ and create a ‘cookie cutter character’ which they can easily cast for. The second factor that networks have to take into account is that programming must suit advertising and the needs of the advertisers. I was not aware how much advertising controls and determines ‘regularly’ programmed sitcoms. I was conscious of advertising control for things like the super bowl or major events as it is evident how advertising and the programming are designed to work with one another. For example the super bowl caters to a male demographic so we see advertising for things like beer, cars and electronics. It was interesting to note that programming is also dictated in this way on a smaller scale for day-to-day programming. Lastly, program decisions are based on target market and/or audience; as the objective is to reach and appeal to the appropriate consumer.

There was a shift in the 90’s to more of a singles oriented shows, dysfunctional families and reality TV shows along with more culturally diverse programs. This was a shift which deviated from the regular formulas of the networks. This innovation and new style of sitcoms were introduced in an effort to boost ratings which was successful. The only thing that motivated the networks’ to be innovative was a decline in ratings. Once the networks felt confident about their ratings, they reverted back to sitcoms which fit their formula and once again resorted to ‘good old faithful’. Ultimately it seems the networks are concerned solely with making a profit which requires the least amount of time and risk.

Butsch & Glennon's study concluded that 'class' stereotypes in sitcoms were not a conscious decision but were rather; embedded in the conception process of the creator/writer and is reflective of the creator’s culture. In my opinion, the networks will continue to use their ‘formula – of the working class Buffoon’ is not a true reflection of society by any means nor are the characters depicted fairly. However; from an entertainment perspective something about the working class buffoon formula is effective. The formula works, whether we agree with the stereotypes or not it success is evident in audience ratings as well as networks bottom line. So if it's not broke, why fix it!

Lindsey Bastarache

Images of Social Class in Mass Media

Today’s reading was about images of social class in mass media. Butsch explored how social class is depicted in television programs and how the industry is organized. I will be examining three media that represent images of social class: magazines, television, and movies.

Social class in Magazines

Fashion and gossip magazines often present readers with information on people who are extremely successful. They tell readers about how much money they make and what they buy with their money. Some gossip magazines show readers the multi-million dollar homes that celebrities live in or tell readers about the vacations celebrities take. They almost always mention how much their activities cost. People magazine has a yearly issue devoted to showing the gowns worn by celebrities at the Oscar awards.

These magazines "show off" the celebrity life to the less fortunate classes. As if I need anyone showing me what I can’t afford.

Ads in magazines are often either about television shows or products that working-class people would go into debt to buy. Expensive cars, jewelry, and clothes are only a few examples of products promoted by these ads.

Social class in Television

Television shows today are often about wealthy people because, according to networks, they are what people want to watch. Sweet 16 is a program which aired on MTV about daughters of wealthy people who bring the audience along as they prepare for their big sweet 16 bash. The point of the program is to show how wealthy people can have what they want when they want it. To less fortunate classes it's like watching a fantasy come to life. When I was 16, I would have liked to be carried to my party on an elephant and receive a luxury car as a gift.

Even though a lot of working class people these days are insufficiently skilled or poor, these characters in television shows are mostly minor roles or lead roles depicted as “baffoons” (Butsch). Such shows as Married with Children is a perfect example because the lead male character is a blue-collar head of household who is shown as immature and dumb.

Social class in Movies

The opposite can also be seen in certain movies. Wealthy characters are shown as evil and greedy while the working-class characters are kind and honest.



Trading places is the story of an upper class commodities broker and a homeless street hustler who switch lives when they are unknowingly made part of an elaborate bet by two wealthy company owners. The wealthy people in the movie are seen as greedy and exploitative while the homeless man, the prostitute, and the butler are seen as noble and kind.

Both depictions of wealthy and working-class people are generally inaccurate and exaggerated to entertain the masses.

Mirella Bertossini

Stuart Hall and the Asymmetry of Encoding and Decoding

In this posting, rather than simply summarizing it, I will attempt to discuss Hall’s theory in a manner that expounds how the two aspects of communication and culture interact.

Essentially what Hall focuses on are two key aspects of the communication process: encoding and decoding. These are the steps by which information is packaged and subsequently unpackaged by each respective party in the communication process. Hall stresses these two because he states that though relatively similar factors affect both the processes encoding and decoding, the asymmetry between those factors on either end of the discourse creates noise and misinterpretation. The reasons for the asymmetry lay in the vast array of differing experiences, social situations, culture, etc. that exist between the two parties.

This is where the aspects of communication and culture come into play yet again. When we conclude, as Hall has, the reasons for commutative misunderstanding as being rooted in social and cultural differences (of course among others), we can examine how they are interrelated. Though Hall uses a large scale model to demonstrate how the asymmetry of encoding and decoding allow for the clouding of messages, I’d like explore how this asymmetry exists on a smaller scale.

We see and experience this in our everyday life, messages we send to others being misinterpreted and the frustration which stems from it. It would be quite the feat to count the instances where you thought or uttered the phrase “well, that’s not what I meant” to someone else. This is one of the few universal instances which occurs throughout all people who have lived long enough to have ever uttered a word or even made a hand motion.

Though we use language, a system which we would all unanimously agree to grasp, to communicate, we must understand that the system of symbols and sequences which we personally use to represent and conceptualize our ideas may differ from others meanings attached to the same symbols. This is crucial as if a series of symbols is encoded into a message by one individual (or party) one must not assume the universality of those symbols as decoded by the other individual.

Though it is impossible to have almighty knowledge of how every other individual will decode a message, no person is below the capacity to attempt to understand other perspectives. Attempting to grasp the semiotics and differences in encoding and decoding messages possessed by different social groups, classes, cultures, etc. inherently helps to combat the asymmetry in Hall’s model. This asymmetry doesn’t necessarily have to be across cultural or social borders but the inherent difference in language and experiences between any given cultures helps to propagate it.

Lastly, most humour and comedic content can be distilled down to the observance of a fundamental difference between the poor encoding of one message leading to the horribly misconstrued decoding of that message. I’ll leave you with this as demonstrated by the classic Abbot & Costello piece “Who’s on First.”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sShMA85pv8M

An Important Debate, Or Old Men Arguing Over Minute Details

As a communications student I have often asked myself why communication studies has so many extremely similar theories? Of course this is merely my opinion but nevertheless, with this weeks reading it came to my mind yet again. Is it because these details are crucial to our understanding of communications, or is it because people are seeking fame by having a better theory than those before them? I am only in my second year and so I cannot hope to comment on all the theories out there; I will, however, speak of the theory in the reading assigned this week.

At first glance the reading of Stuart Hall Encoding/ Decoding seemed like another minute detail being argued. That opinion did not last long. Unless I am gravely mistaken, the reading was emphasizing the importance of meaning within a message. Any person can make noise, but noise cannot persuade anyone. Noise cannot be used during a meeting to convince your boss to change business strategies, it cannot gain praise as a wonderful rhetoric that changes lives. Noise is just noise. In my opinion messages that are not understandable are noise. The only issue is that noise to one person may hold meaning to another.

Since I do not speak Mandarin, if I saw a novel written in Mandarin that would be considered noise to me. Although it may be one of the most profound readings that I could have ever hoped to cross paths with, it will remain noise to me. This will hold true unless I learn the language. Does that mean that now if I consider anything to be noise I should disregard it? I would not say so, not unless I didn't have the means to be able to decode it. Some noise comes in the English language, what is the excuse for that? There may be some things like math or science that I do not understand, therefore constituting noise to myself, but are still meaningful. At the same time I could be reading an illegible essay due to grammar and spelling mistakes that had no significant point to relay in the first place. By now I would hope that you are asking yourself what is the point in all that? The point is that although there may be messages which indeed hold meaning, unless the message is conveyed clearly it will lose it's meaning when being given to others. Therefore, communicating meaning is essential regardless of how intelligent or un-intelligent any given writing may be. If a communicator wishes to give a message to any audience, than the meaning must be the quintessential objective of that message.

If I wish to pursue a career in communications I must be a master at conveying meaning. This is more difficult than writing for the sake of it, or speaking without thinking. In order to truly motivate people, influence people, persuade people, disengage people, appease people, or to just get people to agree with me, I must be a master at conveying meaning. When I am a master of meaning I will be a master of communication. That is why encoding and decoding are important.

Encoding and decoding show that information is not merely being given, but is being formulated on and worked with. It is a process of creating a message and a process of understanding a message. Therefore communication is not as simple as the silver bullet theory for example, where a sender simply gives a message to a receiver. This seems easy and effortless. When two people communicate they are attempting to understand each other. Encoders are trying not to be misunderstood and decoders are attempting to understand the messages. It is a process that requires both individuals work and effort.

If the encoder lacks a decoder no communication can take place. The encoder must be willing to encode just as much as the decoder must be willing to decode. Therefore, if a teacher has a wonderful class, full of easy to understand examples, and everyone in the class understands the message, if one person decides not to pay attention then communication was not made with that individual. Of no fault to the teacher, the student decided not to pay attention to any of the well formulated encoded messages. Since the student did not take the time to decode any of the messages the student will leave having understood nothing. Cooperation, therefore, is crucial to the process of communicating. Individuals must work to make communication, it is not a job just for an encoder or a decoder. Unfortunately it is not as simple as sending a message and others receiving it. There is effort on both sides and, in my opinion, that was an important detail to bring to debate.

Daniel Innocent

Encoding/Decoding

Messages are constantly being sent and received, but it is how those messages are understood and interpreted by people that determine their overall effectiveness.

This week’s reading focuses on Stuart Hall’s theory of Encoding/Decoding. An encoder is someone who is delivering a message (in the example used, a television producer), while the decoder is the person receiving the message (audience). Hall discusses how the goal of a television producer is to make their audience understand and interpret what they are saying in the way it was meant to be delivered.

Hall mentions linguistic theory and how miscommunication can exist when a message is being encoded due to the “denotative” and “connotative” meanings associated with words and signs. “Denotative” refers to a widely associated literal meaning of something, while “connotative” refers to individual (non-fixed) interpretations and associations to something’s meaning. The example used in the article (Barthes example) was that the sweater always signifies a “warm garment” (denotation) which allows people to keep warm. However, in a more connotative meaning it could signify “the coming of winter” or “a cold day”, if put in fashionable outlook it could symbolize an “informal style of dress”, while if put in a romantic outlook it could refer to a “long autumn walk in the woods”.

Denotation and connotation have a profound impact on the way messages are decoded by an audience. Television is a denotative thing but its messages can be very connotative which causes misinterpretation by audiences.




Hall explains that there are three hypothetical positions of which decoders of a television broadcast can interpret an encoding. They are as follows:


1. Dominant-hegemonic position: When a viewer takes the connoted meaning from something like a television newscast or current affairs program full and straight, and decodes the message in the way it was encoded (viewer is operating inside the dominant code). Basically the message is understood as it was meant to be.

2. Negotiated code or position: The majority of the audience probably understands what is being encoded by the television show however it contains a bit of adaptive and oppositional elements. Basically people understand what is being said but have some opposition or miscommunication intertwined in the message they have received.

3. Oppositional code: The viewer takes the message and completely reconstructs it into an alternative framework of reference. Basically the viewer listens to the message but doesn’t understand or chooses not to interpret the message the way it was meant to be decoded, while making up something completely different.

Everyone has different interpretations, beliefs and biases that influence the way they think and relay messages to others. The examples used in Hall’s theory of encoding/decoding focus on television but I believe this theory could also be applied to everyday communication between people, advertisements or any other way messages are sent and received.


- Cody Reed

The Panopticon of Communications Technologies

We are always being watched, but we never know when that is.

The Panopticon is a type of prison allowing an observer to observe prisoners without them being able to tell whether they are being watched. This method works very well because the prisoners are always worried about being watched, even if nobody is at all. The use of the Citizen's Band radio is a great example of how the concept of the Panopticon can be used in more ways than just watching prisoners.



The CB is a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals. It was a great way for truckers, policeman and citizens alike to share information with each other over a distance. At first everyone glorified the CB as the "communications medium of the silent majority, who were now given the opportunity to speak their mind" (Parker). People were now able to have a two-way method of commuication where they weren't just the listeners. They could respond and share their opinions. It gave the power back to the people to create their own culture. CB's were also easy to access because they had relatively low prices, and were free once you bought the system.

Although the CB was a great tool for communications, it was also used negatively by individuals. There were certain regulations that were placed on the CB: firstly, there were 23 channels, and only 10-15 and 23 were open for those communications under the same license; second, conversations were not allowed to be longer than 5 minutes; third, there was no chit chatting, you could only communicate vital information. Many people abused these regulations and even went further as to use the CB illegally. Truckers would use the CB to communicate with each other on where they can avoid policeman so that they could break speed limits. Also, even citizens could use the CB to send the police false information. The FCC had to step in to create new regulations on the CB to try and stop all the illegal actions. They created fines against CB abusers, and also introduced an automatic transmitter regulation system that would send out a signal identifying the sender of each transmission. Now people were being surveyed, and every transmission was being watched. The transmitters could not tell that people were watching them, or even if every transmission was being watched. People had to be careful because they knew that there could be a chance of them being caught.

Here is a video example of how the CB regulations were put into effect:



Although the CB is a great communications tool that people could use as their voice in society, it just became a place where people's free speech was being masked by a constant big brother watching over to make sure that they didn't break the rules. By taking part in CB communications, "citizens were given the freedom to ensure their own participation in the very same surveillance network used to monitor them" (Parker). If people want to use the CB, then they have to know that they are going to be watched, even if they do not know when.

- Chelsea Schonberg

Next Stop: The Future

As we progress forward with our education, our futures, and our lives, we must stop and think. How did we get here? Where are we going? We are already halfway through our semester, yet has anyone stopped to ask themselves what they have learned thus far? With all the hustle and bustle of getting assignments finished, meeting deadlines, having social relationships, and possible part-time jobs, it's tough to take it all in. I thought I would take this moment to stop and refresh our minds on some of the main points we have learned so far in Communication and Culture, Year Two.

Communication and culture are made up of main topics including: Social Class, Technology, Gender/Race, Capital/Power.

Apart from the obvious ones, we can remind ourselves that "capital" allows for us to have power over other people or things, or we could use it for our own reasons.

Kodak was a major investor in the photography business. Not only did their marketing strategy influence our day to day activities, it manipulated culture. The "say cheese" slogan has been a common phrase for years. The "say cheese" phenomenon was not created for people to use just to have good photos for memories- it was a calculated strategy through advertisements and promotions as business communications to the consumers. At the same time, culture was forever changed, to understand that the "toothy smile" represented happiness and joy.

The Social Theory of the media focuses on practical contexts of their usage. Media focuses on the consumer, and with this comes how it is easily able to change culture. If the media tells us what we should buy, then we change how we live our lives with that product and thus change how we live day to day. The media ensures that their products seem as though they are necessary for everyday life, and that their promotion of such products are easily accessible to the largest amount of consumers possible.

As we have learned for the past two years, Stuart Hall's Medium Theory outlines how the medium is crucial to the overall message of communications. It is not the message that is most important, but the means by which the messages are transmitted that most affects culture and our societies. i.e. how much effect communication channels have on us and how we are influenced by them.

The Cultural approach as the Ritual Theory, was one I had not previously been aware of. This theory entails that as consumers, we do not do our daily chores to learn new information. This theory is more philosophical than the more commonly talked about Transmissional model of communication. Ritual is more about time, and Transmissional is more about space. With the Ritual theory in mind, if we read the paper every morning, we do not read it simply to learn new things - we read it because it is habitually ingrained in us to act out our ritual of communicating. It is about the act, rather than about the information.

We also compared the World of Media to the Media World, whereby we questioned what world in which we live - are we in a world where we revolve ourselves around the media? Or are we in a world which is solely comprised of the media.

A few economic definitions we looked at were:

Oligopolies: a few major companies running a business market.

Monopoly: A single company controlling a market.

Synergy: Refers to the various strategies that a company uses to maximize profit. i.e. recycling old movies.

Vertical Integration: Process of expansion with elements that will help reduce costs i.e. McDonalds purchasing farms.

Horizontal Integration: Acquires a similar industry of business that sells related merchandise (and of similar size). i.e. McDonalds purchasing Wendys or Burger King.

Deregulation: The removal of government regulations of ownership. i.e. any company can buy out any other company.

Media Convergence: A strategy by which a company looks for financial help by getting subsidiaries to unify.


As we progress further in the semester, I hope that we are all able to take a deep breath once in a while - to look back, review, and to acknowledge what we have learned.

Lucas G.

Disney and the Beast

All companies have a target niche for the products and services that they sell to the public. Some target children, some teenagers, and others focus primarily on adults. Rarely, few companies have created multi-generational success by targeting all age groups and all types of people; Disney is a prime example of one of these corporations in relevance to the entertainment world. There are many ways that Disney has captured and maintained the attention and relationships with their audience. This blog will highlight a few of them.

Disney products have a major potential to socialize young generations. As a young child for example, the movie "Lion King" holds so many institutional characteristics. Not only does it hold a bigger picture about society,or in the movies case, "the kingdom". It unconsciously teaches children the values of the family, the school, the outsider, maturity/immaturity, growth, dangers, strangers, you name it. The movie has it all in terms of entertainment socialization. While adults pick up on these societal symbols immediately, children are absorbed in the storyline and the characters that they quickly grow to love. The events that happen in the movie instill a deep schema of how different situations work, that they will fully understand and unlock as they get older, becoming socialized by their schooling and other educational institutions. Once young children establish this relationship with a movie, that love and want in which they feel will be nurtured financially between the parents' and the company of which the movie is owned, Disney.


Not only do new audiences become turned onto old material, but Disney has teamed up with "Pixar Entertainment" to become a double successful conglomeration that puts out more new animation movies a year than ever before. All of which effect the "new-young" audiences as well as the old. In many cases, even the older audiences still watch these movies either alone or with their kids to fulfil a specific need that has been instilled by a particular product (movie). People recognize the importance of these movies in their lives and those of their children, and they become fans, and life-long supporters of the company and its products.

This weeks article about Disney, talked a lot about how the audience has a major influence in the products that they put out to the public sphere. If a movie is too gory, or too sexual, the public opinions of the audience are enough to adapt the product to their needs. This is an ingenious innovation in the competitive marketplace for animation entertainment. If there is a majority of a sampled population who agree to the movie script being too provocative or dangerous for children, Disney will re-write or re-work the script until their audience is satisfied. Once the audience is satisfied, it is guaranteed that the greater majority of their public niche will buy the product as their needs and wants for the product are met; from the very beginning. All companies feed off their public niche for ideas and innovations, but it's rare that they allow their own niche to have such a big role in creative control. Disney is the ladder, which makes it an extremely innovative and strong icon for the entertainment industry.


The Disney Corp. has successfully targeted every technological audience around the globe. This means that any person or family who own a VHS or DVD player will play host to Disney and their overwhelming advertising campaigns. Disney and Pixar as a team create and release so many new movies a year that they now have an annual standard for these releases. Their audiences now expect new releases every year which creates a strong production and consumption cycle in which financially satisfies the companies' and socially satisfies their audiences as families, individuals, kids, teenagers, and adults. Everyone else, will soon hop on the bandwagon.

Colin Johnston

Once Upon a Dream: Disney and the Audience

Disney – one of the most recognized symbols

When one thinks of Disney, it is hard not to be reminded of a positive childhood memory, or a favourite Disney character. Whether it was the fantasy of being a princess falling in love with a prince, or a certain melody that ignited the senses – there’s always a warm heart feeling that takes over.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7eVaQ-jkNnY&feature=related

Disney’s main message or meaning revolves around the universally accepted themes of family, magic, happiness, and fun. It gave families meaning, dreams, and hope; and for that matter it still does. However, Disney’s audience doesn’t always interpret Disney’s message the way it was intended. The article, Disney and the World, by Janet Wasko works to define the Disney audience, discusses the ways in which Disney audiences have been studied, and explores the different audience archetypes. All of which point out the variations of audience’ interpretations and what we the audience does with the media.

Disney’s audience has always targeted the “family” in general, but have also targeted audiences of every age. From children to seniors, and from theme parks to sports events.

The ways in which the audience’s are studied are through media corporations such as ARI (Audience Research Institute) and through Academic Research. All of which helped to predict responses from the audience.

What was established were a variety of audience categories. This ranged from the Disney fanatic to the Disney cynics.

The focus is what the audience does with the media. To put this into perspective, we have the Transmission Model. This model infers that Disney (the source) sends a message through a medium whether it be a movie or a book, to the audience (the receiver), and produces some sort of effect. The effect is the way in which the audience reacts and deals with the message being received.

This brings in the encoding and decoding theme of Stuart Hall. Here, Disney encodes their message to the audience who has to decode the message. It is in the decoding process where people’s understanding may be misinterpreted (in the way that Disney wants it to be), and thus exposes the different “audiences” based on their reactions to the message.

Disney fanatics for example, fall in love with Disney and its meanings and show this love by getting 1 000 tattoos imprinted on their body - crazy I know but true. Others get so caught up in their own fantasies that they get married in Cinderella’s castle! On a more down to earth level, some audience’s engage in fan clubs, fan magazines, or on-line sites which contribute to the effects media has on the audience.

On the other end of the spectrum, there are those that see Disney as a business corporation which tends to mean they are in it solely for the money. Thus, there are those audiences who don’t give in to consuming products. Disney antagonists go to the extreme trying to get people to go against Disney’s company and its products. Some even try reinterpreting Disney by creating characters like Mickey Mouse that do the opposite of what Disney deems to be moral. This includes Mickey smoking dope and such.

Here we see that Disney tried to create a positive message that promoted good values. They were successful in the sense that Disney has a universal awareness of its intended meanings. However, there is still a percentage of the audience that disagree but are still aware of these messages.

It is refreshing to look at the audience instead of always focusing on the media and whether they are doing right or wrong. It is one thing to voice an opinion, but here we see the extremes of what audiences do with the media they consume. Whether it was embracing a way of life, or reshaping characters in a negative light. Audiences play an important role and contribute to the cycle of the media.

Stephanie P.

Greed and an Entertained Democracy

It's hard to realize the truth behind the motives of the media until someone else points them out. I like to think of myself as a relatively observant person, yet I still frequently find myself astounded at the times when I realize just how blind I can be to the inner workings and real intentions of media corporations. This was precisely the feeling I felt after reading the arguments made in Matthew McAllister's article "Television News Plugola and the Last Episode of Seinfeld".

I’ve always been somewhat savvy to the idea of media plugging future media content within existing programming. However, one thing had never seriously fazed me until I recently read about it: The idea of news broadcasting covering a story solely for the promotional value inherent in it. Having grown up in a household where entertainment news coverage simply existed as a regular staple of the news media we consumed, I was never one to think on what it meant for the news to be promoting a piece of entertainment media or writing about the stars that were involved in it.

This is precisely where the problem with the news doing so resides; that people don’t realize the reasons why a news outlet is promoting such things. In McAllister’s essay, he discusses the ways in which NBC’s promotion of the last episode of their series ‘Seinfeld’, contributed such a hyped level of anticipation as to attract as many viewers as possible. But as to what end? Profit.

It is in the profit driven state of mind that networks meant to provide news coverage do the most damage to their viewers. By promoting entertainment for the sake of profit and negating other news coverage for a lack of viewer interest, news media outlets in essence work to create a society weaned entirely on uninformed and nearly mindless content. It is from this that I have to wonder, as an someone who figured themselves for having a good handle on the motives of the media, where does that leave those who have no concern at all in such things? In short, an interest solely in profit by media conglomerates breeds a society of uninterested and self involved citizens; citizens that follow nothing but entertainment. Therefore, when Seinfeld takes precedence over international tribulation and debate, a possibility for a truly active democracy becomes nearly impossible.

A democracy thrives on the informed contributions of it's citizens. The problem today, however, resides in a lack of information to be had.

- Brady Ibanez

Are Little Monsters the same as Trekkies?

Playing off of the ideas of Star Trek re-releasing the episodes on different formats, offering new special features and additional cuts, the same can be seen in the release of music.

Take Lady Gaga for example;
Her first album, The Fame, was released October 30th, 2008 with thirteen songs. November 4th, 2008, just five days later, the first remix of her song Just Dance was released. Just like Star Trek episodes being released with different cuts – like the directors cut – a new version of the same song was released. Three weeks later, remix number two was released, and this time a second artist, Colby O’Donis, was featured as an addition.

After three releases of the same song, all different versions, the next song, LoveGame started the same rotation. Another three new versions were released between May 2009 and July 2009. This same rotation of releasing new versions of one song, brings in the revenue for the artist, and gets grabbed up and purchased immediately by the die-hard Gaga fans, just like the Trekkies did for Star Trek.

Then came her next album, The Fame Monster, released November 23rd, 2009. With it, came two versions (on iTunes at least); Deluxe and Regular. The deluxe version contained both the full-length album, as well as an additional eight songs. It wasn’t until January 26th, 2010 that those eight songs available on the deluxe record were available for purchase separately.

Now that is just the release of her music – singles, remixes, full-length CDs. Let us not forget though, about radio rotation, where callers can request a song or the weekly top 40 countdown. The remixes are played, as well as the original song, allowing for the fans to listen, as well as giving new audiences the opportunity to find new artists. Or, how about concerts – watching an artist like Lady Gaga tour the world, buying up merchandise with her face on it, using it as advertising. Or how about Magazine articles, Music Videos, DVDs of concerts and behind the scenes – everything an artist could possibly do to get a fan interested and devoted, they are doing.

Just as an artist begins to fade, they release a new single or a new CD, and the wave of popularity comes crashing all over again. It is exactly like how Star Trek re-released different versions of the same episodes. Whether it is a boxed set, a full collection of CDs, or a set of remixes, the popularity created by the fans does not die down.

As a consumer, or just insanely devoted fan, do we really need to buy every remix of a single? What about every version of a CD that is released? We can pay upwards of hundreds of dollars for a concert ticket, and we can call and request the song on the radio for free, but how far is too far? Star Trek is a great example of this, because Trekkies buy every new format (DVD, VHS) and they continue to watch reruns on TV. Music fans are the same way though, and with consumer demand, how much of change is little enough for the fans to want to buy the newest released item?

Laura Snape

An iTunes screen shot of Lady Gaga's Releases

Do consumers really make it so easy?

Are recirculation, repackaging, reversioning, recycling, and redeployment all that is needed to make a product popular? Eileen Meehan author of Star Trek, Synergy, and the Transindustrialization of Tribbles seems to think so. Meehan used Star Trek as her prime example to prove her points. When Star Trek first hit television it was a hit and eventually other stations picked it up and began rerunning episode in the hopes to attract more viewers. Needless to say it worked. As Star Trek’s popularity grew Paramount began to cash in by creating toys and other Star Trek paraphernalia. They eventually put episodes on VHS (and DVD much later) and when those sales slowed down they repackaged those VHS’s into box sets.

Later Paramount decided to change Star Trek. They made spinoffs called The Next Generation, Star Trek Enterprise, Deep Space Nine, Voyager, and so on. Just as Star Trek was a spinoff of Wagon Train came the later in the Star Trek series. Star Trek’s devoted followers (known as Trekkers or Trekkies) are what made the spinoffs possible. Although none of the other series were as popular as Star Trek itself they each lasted for more than one season. And although each series had their own cast Meehan points out the similarities of each character to the original cast members of Star Trek. Each series is different but the same in certain ways. Later Star Trek box sets and DVDs were changed to include interviews with William Shatner known better as Captain Kirk and other original cast members. Some of the episodes even had host segments with different Star Trek crew members, like Captain Kirk, Dr McCoy, and Spock. Star Trek has been “recycled” a few times with little changes such as the interviews and host segments and yet Star Trek fans cannot help but by the box sets; even though the changes are minimal. Star Trek has become one of the most well known shows ever aired on television. And, if you think Star Trek is dead you are seriously mistaken.

Star Trek may not be as popular as it was in the past but you can still some of the series rerunning at odd hours of the night and on weekends. For example, this weekend I noticed an episode from The Next Generation playing on Spike TV at about one in the morning. Star has simply been moved to various time slots. It has yet to be taken off television.

However, Star Trek is not the only product that just needed a little revamping to make it popular. Take the iPod for example. With the iPod you have the iPod Mini, the iPod Nano, the iPod Shuffle, and the iPod Touch. The iPod has basically been recirculated in different forms, repackaged in different ways (each iPod has its own unique packaging). They have all been revised; they are the same but different. Other companies have tried to copy them (MP3 player) with little to no success. And, what is it about these little changes that make consumers want to trade in the iPod shuffle (in which the screen moves depending on if the iPod in vertical or horizontal) and buy the iPod touch.

As consumers do we really make it that easy for companies? Do we tell them that all they need to do is recirculate, repackage, revise, recycle, and redeploy their products and we will buy them? As consumers can you think of any other products that companies have made little changes to but are must buys in the eyes of consumers?

Ashley L

Media Concentration and Culture: The Movie and Music Industry (It's effect on consumers)

Douglas Gommery wrote in his chapter, The Centrality of Media Economics, that media began and continues to function as an economic institution. Whether it should or should not is for us to contemplate on. Furthermore, Gomery pleaded for a study of changing conditions of quality and performance; simply listing who owns the media is not enough, but one needs to understand how a form of industrial structure leads to certain corporate conduct. In Bettig and Hall's Media Concentration and Culture: The Movie and Music industry, the authors note clearly that the Movie industry works as an oligopoly; limiting choices offered to consumers. In this post I'd like to share my views on the structure of Movie and Music industry, and how, I believe, it has been functioning on only the interest of the elites who own it, and not its consumers.
We are aware of the fact that an oligopoly only allows the large media conglomerates and accommodates only the super-rich. The control of the industry, then, is in the hands of a few elites who dictate how the industry shall be run. These include the Big Six, like Bettig and Hall mention, that include Warner Brothers, Disney, Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, and Sony. To illustrate the heightened level of their control over the whole industry, I'd like to post the incident between Paramount Picture and Variety magazine.
After Variety magazine published a rather harsh review of Paramount Picture's movie, Patriot Games, Paramount threatened to pull its advertisements from the Daily Variety magazine. Variety editors had to apologize to Paramount for the review and promised that the critic would no longer review Paramount Picture's films. This posed the question of corruption of the reviewing process, and the act of free speech.
A similar example shall be given in pertaining to intellectual property, which Bettig and Hall discuss later in the chapter in light of the Movie and Music industry. The example is of The Phanton Edit - an independent fan edit project taken up by Mike J. Nichols, where he attempted to edit George Lucas' The Phantom Menace. The intention of the project was to edit some elements of the original film and make a stronger version of it. The project received acclaim from media such as The NPR, PBS and BBC. George Lucas, however, disapproved of the project, warning fans that the edit was infringement. Hence, this limited the act of freedom of expression.
What you see above is what you'll expect from limited competition. An oligopoly structure is designed for the best interest of the owners and not the consumers. U.S Bureau of Labor in 1998 conducted a statistic which showed that consumer's out of pocket expenses for entertainment and reading materials is roughly equal to that of health care. When the Movie and Music industry will be aware of stats such as this, why wouldn't they try to take maximum advantage of it. Overpriced movie tickets, limited choices and movies of debatable quality are characteristics of an industry that functions under an oligopoly.

Maddy G.

Media Concentration

Over time media has become one of the most influential means of conveying messages that is reaching millions of North American citizens'. Media concentration refers to both the number of people or groups who manage the media and the messages sent as well as the number of people or groups in which media affects. I feel that as the media holds such a high impact on the general public that those in the later description of media concentration are not reaping the benefits. A relatively small number of people and/or organizations are managing the media compared to the millions of people who are affected. I feel that in the broad spectrum the media holds so much power for such a little number in control when manipulating such large sums of people. I feel that media has taken over power of many people’s viewpoints, knowledge and outlooks on reality, and freedom. Those in control of media can basically choose and direct to their discretion. Many times viewers' are tricked into what they are viewing by techniques those in power use to gain the control. If the media was not as influential as it has become and did not have a “brain washing” affect on its viewers’, media concentration could be advantageous. Media concentration seems to be used as a tool of manipulation, control and power over those less aware and educated. Therefore, the general public in North American are losing its sense of self to the millions of orchestrated messages being delivered.

Hillary Callan

Thoughts on Communication and Social Context

Communication is made up of signs and symbols to which we attach a meaning to. This ideology is key to understanding what communication is. One knows that a red octagon like the one pictured below has a meaning attached to it:



One immediately recognises that this red octagon means to cease forward motion. Yet the object and the meanings are separate from each other. One has been brought up to know this meaning through socialization. Thereby the meaning attached to the sign gives it significance. According to McLuhan, the sign itself can be considered the message, and to extrapolate on his quote “the message is the medium” that both the message and the medium are able to act as one.

The same line of thought can be expanded to each symbol one comes across in any given day. Even in this blog there are thousands of little symbols in which meaning has to be attached. Each letter has a phonetic value attached to it. These letters are then placed in a particular order to form words which have a definition attached to it. And then finally the words are arranged to form sentences.

How these words are crafted can affect how one communicates with his or her peers and to the rest of society.

Thoughts on Action, Power and Communication

As mentioned, the words one uses and the context one uses them in can change the effectiveness of how he or she communicates. These words and sentences can be manipulated in a certain way in order to accomplish goals. Take these phrases for an example:

Recently, I went to the hospital.

Doctors could not find out what was the problem.

They do not know how long I am going to live.

Each individual sentence is inherently true. There is no lie present. But when you juxtapose sentences, there is deceptiveness in the meaning. Recently, a man from Western Canada used this tactic in order to get benefits because he made others believe he was dying, when his hoax was uncovered, he was arrested and charged with fraud. He (ab)used communication to pursue his goals and interests.
Similar (ab)uses of communication can be found riddled through the government and media. The formula is simple:

A person who is believed to be knowledgeable in a certain area strings words together in order to manipulate his transmission of information which causes what was encoded to be different from what was decoded. <-- These murky waters make a perfect storm for fraud.

This creates a predictable pattern: those in power obstruct the flow of communication. This can be through additions or subtractions of vital information or by forcing others to withhold information.

The control of knowledge is often accompanied by violence or the threat thereof in order to maintain power. One can see examples of this in many countries such as those in Eastern Europe and throughout the Silk Road. However this can also be expanded into other fears, like the fear of job loss as in the current election for the UN seat where all talk of it is strictly banned by the Canadian government.
Each of the four forms of power: political, economic, cohesive and symbolic, plays are role in depriving the lower classes of their power.

Thoughts on Uses of Communication Media

In order for one to communicate, there is a necessity for technology to be involved; this can be natural technologies, like the larynx, ear drums and air waves. Or they can be modern communication technologies, like MP3 players and Smart Phones. Whatever the vessel used, it requires technology to transmit symbols.

New technologies have allowed for these symbols to be reproduced more readily. Audio and video can now be duplicated and distributed at an incomparable rate. Whereas in the past it required a great amount of effort to transcribe a book, this process was made simpler by the invention of the printing press and now it could be simply scanned.